CWAP-404 ONLINE TESTS, CWAP-404 EXAM CERTIFICATION COST

CWAP-404 Online Tests, CWAP-404 Exam Certification Cost

CWAP-404 Online Tests, CWAP-404 Exam Certification Cost

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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:

SectionObjectives

Protocol Analysis - 15%

Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods- Select capture devices
  • Laptop protocol analyzers
  • APs, controllers, and other management solutions
  • Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices)

- Install monitor mode drivers
- Select capture location(s)
- Capture sufficient data for analysis
- Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed
- Capture roaming events

Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools- Save to disk
- Packet slicing
- Event triggers
- Buffer options
- Channels and channel widths
- Capture filters
- Channel scanning and dwell time
Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets
- Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets
- Configure and display columns for analysis purposes
- View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process
- Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels
- Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures
- View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis
- Use expert mode for analysis
- View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis
Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting- WLAN scanners and discovery tools
- Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools
- Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools
Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types- Define the problem
- Determine the scale of the problem
- Identify probable causes
- Capture and analyze the data
- Observe the problem
- Choose appropriate remediation steps
- Document the problem and resolution

Spectrum Analysis - 10%

Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers- Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware
- Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions
- Understand and use spectrum analyzer views
  • Real-time FFT
  • Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views
  • Utilization and duty cycle
  • Detected devices
  • WLAN integration views
Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues- RF noise floor in an environment
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal
- Sources of RF interference and their locations
- RF channel utilization
- Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications
- Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference
- Poor performing or faulty radios
Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures- Identify various 802.11 PHYs
  • DSSS
  • OFDM
  • OFDMA
  • Channel widths
  • Primary channel

- Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures

  • Frequency hopping devices
  • IoT devices
  • Microwave ovens
  • Video devices
  • RF Jammers
  • Cordless phones
Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions- AP-based spectrum analysis
- Sensor-based spectrum analysis

PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%

Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs)- DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- ERP (Extended Rate PHY)
- HT (High Throughput)
- VHT (Very High Throughput)
- HE (High Efficiency)
  • HE SU PPDU
  • HE MU PPDU
  • HE ER SU PPDU
  • HE TB PPDU
  • HE NULL data packets
Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data
Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers- Pseudo-Header formats
  • Radiotap
  • Per Packet Information (PPI)

- Key pseudo-header content

  • Guard intervals
  • Resource units allocation
  • PPDU formats
  • Signal strength
  • Noise
  • Data rate and MCS index
  • Length information
  • Channel center frequency or received channel
  • Channel properties
Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers
Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types- Supported PHYs
- Supported spatial streams

MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%

Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation- Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)
Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis- Management, Control, and Data frames
- MAC frame formats and contents
  • Frame Control field
  • To DS and From DS fields
  • Address fields
  • Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field

- 802.11 Management frame formats

  • Information Elements
  • Authentication
  • Association and Reassociation
  • Beacon
  • Prove Request and Probe Response

- Data and QoS Data frame formats
- 802.11 Control frame formats

  • Acknowledgement (ACK)
  • Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS)
  • Block Acknowledgement and related frames
  • Trigger frames
  • VHT/HE NDP announcements
  • Multiuser RTS
Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis- Country code
- Minimum basic rate
- Supported rates and coding schemes
- Beacon interval
- WMM settings
- RSN settings
- HT/VHT/HE operations
- Channel width
- Primary channel
- Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs
Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames

WLAN Medium Access - 10%

Understand 802.11 contention algorithms in-depth and know how they impact WLANs- Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
  • copyright Sense (CS) and Energy Detect (ED)
  • Network Allocation Vector (NAV)
  • Contention Windows (CW) and random backoff
  • Interframe spacing

- Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA)

  • EDCA Function (EDCAF)
  • Access Categories and Queues
  • Arbitration Interframe Space Number (AIFSN)

- Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM)

  • WMM parameters
  • WMM-Power Save
  • WMM-Admission Control

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CWNP Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Sample Questions (Q106-Q111):

NEW QUESTION # 106
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, to which portion of the frame is the encryption applied?

  • A. Frame body and MAC Header
  • B. The whole MPDU
  • C. Frame body excluding the LLCPDU
  • D. Frame body including the LLCPDU

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, the encryption is applied to the frame body including the LLCPDU. The LLCPDU (Logical Link Control Protocol Data Unit) is a part of the frame body that contains information such as protocol type, source and destination service access points (SAPs), and control fields. The LLCPDU is added by the LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer to provide multiplexing and flow control functions for different upper layer protocols. When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, which uses AES-CCMP as its encryption algorithm, both the payload and the LLCPDU are encrypted as a single unit. The MAC header and FCS are not encrypted, as they are needed for addressing and error detection purposes. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 115-116


NEW QUESTION # 107
You have installed a new 802.1 lac WLAN configured with 80 MHz channels. Users in one area are complaining about poor performance. This area is currently served by a single AP. You take a spectrum analysis capture in the poor performing area. While examining the waterfall plot you notice the airtime utilization is higher on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel when compared to the rest of the channel.
What do you conclude?

  • A. The first 20 MHz is the AP's primary channel and higher airtime utilization on the primary channel is normal when an AP is configured for 80 MHz operation
  • B. RRM is enabled and has dynamically picked a 20 MHz channel
  • C. The AP is misconfigured and needs to be reconfigured to 80 MHz operation
  • D. Non-Wi-Fi interference is preventing the APs 80 MHz operation

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation
The most likely cause of higher airtime utilization on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel is non-Wi-Fi interference. Non-Wi-Fi interference can prevent an AP from using its full channel width, as it will degrade the signal quality and increase the noise floor on some parts of the channel. This will force the AP to fall back to a narrower channel width, such as 20 MHz or 40 MHz, to maintain communication with its clients. The waterfall plot can help identify non-Wi-Fi interference by showing spikes or bursts of RF energy on specific frequencies or sub-channels. The other options are not correct, as they do not explain why only the first 20 MHz of the channel has higher airtime utilization. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 74-75


NEW QUESTION # 108
Given the frame capture and the decode shown,

after which Beacons in the list shown (as indicated by the frame number in the leftmost column) would multicast traffic have been sent in this infrastructure BSS if multicast traffic had been queued for transmission at the access point? (Choose 2)

  • A. frame number 51
  • B. frame number 54
  • C. frame number 55
  • D. Framenumber 49
  • E. frame number 57
  • F. frame number 53
  • G. frame number 50

Answer: A,C


NEW QUESTION # 109
What does the value of the Listen Interval field in an Association Request frame indicate?

  • A. How often a STA in power save mode wakes up to listen to Beacon frames
  • B. How often a STA will go off channel to look for other BSSs
  • C. How long a STA waits for an Ack before retransmitting the frame
  • D. How long a STA performing active scanning will listen for Probe Responses before changing channels

Answer: A

Explanation:
Explanation
The value of the Listen Interval field in an Association Request frame indicates how often a STA in power save mode wakes up to listen to Beacon frames. The Listen Interval is expressed in units of Beacon Intervals (typically 100 TU or 102.4 ms). For example, if the Listen Interval is set to 10, it means that the STA will wake up every 10 Beacon Intervals (or about 1 second) to check for buffered frames at the AP. The Listen Interval is used by the AP to determine how long it can hold frames for a STA in power save mode before discarding them . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 197; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 198.


NEW QUESTION # 110
To effect Preauthentication, a STA's supplicant sends an IEEE 802.1X/EAPoL Start message.
How is the EAPoL Start message addressed?

  • A. DA = MAC of default gateway; RA = BSSID of the AP to which the STA is associated
  • B. DA = BSSID of the targeted AP; RA = Ethernet MAC of the targeted AP
  • C. DA = BSSID of targeted AP; RA = BSSID of the AP to which the STA is associated
  • D. DA = MAC of the default gateway; RA = Ethernet MAC of the targeted AP

Answer: C


NEW QUESTION # 111
......

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